Debe, M. Okay. Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive gasoline cells. Nature 486, 43–51 (2012).
Yarlagadda, V. et al. Boosting gasoline cell efficiency with accessible carbon mesopores. ACS Power Lett. 3, 618–621 (2018).
Tollefson, J. Price its weight in platinum. Nature 450, 334–335 (2007).
Bossi, T. & Gediga, J. The environmental profile of platinum group metals. Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev. 61, 111–121 (2017).
James, B. D., Huya-Kouadio, J. M., Houchins, C. & DeSantis, D. A. Mass Manufacturing Value Estimation of Direct H2 PEM Gasoline Cell Programs for Transportation Functions: 2018 Replace (US DOE, 2018).
Pollet, B. G., Kocha, S. S. & Staffell, I. Present standing of automotive gasoline cells for sustainable transport. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 16, 90–95 (2019).
Gröger, O., Gasteiger, H. A. & Suchsland, J.-P. Electromobility: batteries or gasoline cells? J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, A2605–A2622 (2015).
Hao, H. et al. Securing platinum-group metals for transport low-carbon transition. One Earth 1, 117–125 (2019).
Kongkanand, A. & Mathias, M. F. The precedence and problem of high-power efficiency of low-platinum proton-exchange membrane gasoline cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 1127–1137 (2016).
Li, M. et al. Ultrafine jagged platinum nanowires allow ultrahigh mass exercise for the oxygen discount response. Science 354, 1414–1419 (2016).
Escudero-Escribano, M. et al. Tuning the exercise of Pt alloy electrocatalysts via the lanthanide contraction. Science 352, 73–76 (2016).
Chen, C. et al. Extremely crystalline multimetallic nanoframes with three-dimensional electrocatalytic surfaces. Science 343, 1339–1343 (2014).
Greeley, J. et al. Alloys of platinum and early transition metals as oxygen discount electrocatalysts. Nat. Chem. 1, 552–556 (2009).
Zhang, L. et al. Platinum-based nanocages with subnanometer-thick partitions and well-defined, controllable aspects. Science 349, 412–416 (2015).
Cui, C., Gan, L., Heggen, M., Rudi, S. & Strasser, P. Compositional segregation in formed Pt alloy nanoparticles and their structural behaviour throughout electrocatalysis. Nat. Mater. 12, 765–771 (2013).
Seh, Z. W. et al. Combining idea and experiment in electrocatalysis: insights into supplies design. Science 355, eaad4998 (2017).
Li, W., Chen, Z., Xu, L. & Yan, Y. An answer-phase synthesis methodology to extremely lively Pt-Co/C electrocatalysts for proton alternate membrane gasoline cell. J. Energy Sources 195, 2534–2540 (2010).
Zhang, Z. et al. One-pot synthesis of extremely anisotropic five-fold-twinned PtCu nanoframes used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen discount and methanol oxidation. Adv. Mater. 28, 8712–8717 (2016).
Wang, X. X. et al. Ordered Pt3Co intermetallic nanoparticles derived from metallic–natural frameworks for oxygen discount. Nano Lett. 18, 4163–4171 (2018).
Huang, L., Zheng, C. Y., Shen, B. & Mirkin, C. A. Excessive-index-facet metallic–alloy nanoparticles as gasoline cell electrocatalysts. Adv. Mater. 32, 2002849 (2020).
Ott, S. et al. Ionomer distribution management in porous carbon-supported catalyst layers for high-power and low Pt-loaded proton alternate membrane gasoline cells. Nat. Mater. 19, 77–85 (2019).
Qiao, Z. et al. 3D porous graphitic nanocarbon for enhancing the efficiency and sturdiness of Pt catalysts: a stability between graphitization and hierarchical porosity. Power Environ. Sci. 12, 2830–2841 (2019).
Wang, L. et al. Tunable intrinsic pressure in two-dimensional transition metallic electrocatalysts. Science 363, 870–874 (2019).
Wang, C. et al. Synthesis of homogeneous Pt-bimetallic nanoparticles as extremely environment friendly electrocatalysts. ACS Catal. 1, 1355–1359 (2011).
He, D. S. et al. Ultrathin icosahedral Pt-enriched nanocage with glorious oxygen discount response exercise. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 1494–1497 (2016).
Pizzutilo, E. et al. The house confinement method utilizing hole graphitic spheres to unveil exercise and stability of Pt–Co nanocatalysts for PEMFC. Adv. Power Mater. 7, 1700835 (2017).
Mezzavilla, S. et al. Construction–exercise–stability relationships for space-confined PtxNiy nanoparticles within the oxygen discount response. ACS Catal. 6, 8058–8068 (2016).
DOE Technical Targets for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Gasoline Cell Elements https://power.gov/eere/fuelcells/doe-technical-targets-polymer-electrolyte-membrane-fuel-cell-components (US DOE, 2016).
Kodama, Okay., Nagai, T., Kuwaki, A., Jinnouchi, R. & Morimoto, Y. Challenges in making use of extremely lively Pt-based nanostructured catalysts for oxygen discount reactions to gasoline cell autos. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 140–147 (2021).
Weber, A. Z. & Kusoglu, A. Unexplained transport resistances for low-loaded fuel-cell catalyst layers. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 17207–17211 (2014).
Holby, E. F., Sheng, W., Shao-Horn, Y. & Morgan, D. Pt nanoparticle stability in PEM gasoline cells: affect of particle measurement distribution and crossover hydrogen. Power Environ. Sci. 2, 865–871 (2009).
Borup, R. L. et al. Current developments in catalyst-related PEM gasoline cell sturdiness. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 21, 192–200 (2020).
Tang, L., Li, X., Cammarata, R. C., Friesen, C. & Sieradzki, Okay. Electrochemical stability of elemental metallic nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 11722–11726 (2010).
Tang, L. et al. Electrochemical stability of nanometer-scale Pt particles in acidic environments. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 596–600 (2010).
Du, L. et al. Low-PGM and PGM-free catalysts for proton alternate membrane gasoline cells: stability challenges and materials options. Adv. Mater. 33, 1908232 (2021).
Han, B. et al. File exercise and stability of dealloyed bimetallic catalysts for proton alternate membrane gasoline cells. Power Environ. Sci. 8, 258–266 (2015).
Braaten, J. P., Xu, X., Cai, Y., Kongkanand, A. & Litster, S. Contaminant cation impact on oxygen transport by the ionomers of polymer electrolyte membrane gasoline cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 166, F1337–F1343 (2019).
Sulek, M., Adams, J., Kaberline, S., Ricketts, M. & Waldecker, J. R. In situ metallic ion contamination and the consequences on proton alternate membrane gasoline cell efficiency. J. Energy Sources 196, 8967–8972 (2011).
Hoene, J. V., Charles, R. G. & Hickam, W. M. Thermal decomposition of metallic acetylacetonates: mass spectrometer research. J. Phys. Chem. 62, 1098–1101 (1958).
Grimm, S. et al. Gasoline-phase aluminium acetylacetonate decomposition: revision of the present mechanism by VUV synchrotron radiation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 23, 15059–15075 (2021).
Fei, L.-f et al. Direct remark of carbon nanostructure progress at liquid–stable interfaces. Chem. Commun. 50, 826–828 (2014).
Picher, M., Lin, P. A., Gomez-Ballesteros, J. L., Balbuena, P. B. & Sharma, R. Nucleation of graphene and its conversion to single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 14, 6104–6108 (2014).
Fan, H. et al. Dynamic state and lively construction of Ni–Co catalyst in carbon nanofiber progress revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. ACS Nano 15, 17895–17906 (2021).
Zhao, Z. et al. Tailoring a three-phase microenvironment for high-performance oxygen discount response in proton alternate membrane gasoline cells. Matter 3, 1774–1790 (2020).
Cullen, D. A. et al. New roads and challenges for gasoline cells in heavy-duty transportation. Nat. Power 6, 462–474 (2021).
Chong, L. et al. Ultralow-loading platinum–cobalt gasoline cell catalysts derived from imidazolate frameworks. Science 362, 1276–1281 (2018).
Jia, Q. et al. Improved oxygen discount exercise and sturdiness of dealloyed PtCox catalysts for proton alternate membrane gasoline cells: pressure, ligand, and particle measurement results. ACS Catal. 5, 176–186 (2015).
Li, J. et al. Onerous-magnet L10-CoPt nanoparticles advance gasoline cell catalysis. Joule 3, 124–135 (2019).
Papadias, D. D. et al. Sturdiness of Pt–Co alloy polymer electrolyte gasoline cell cathode catalysts beneath accelerated stress checks. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165, F3166–F3177 (2018).
Slack, J. J. et al. Nanofiber gasoline cell MEAs with a PtCo/C cathode. J. Electrochem. Soc. 166, F3202–F3209 (2019).
Gasoline Cell Applied sciences Workplace Multi-year Analysis, Growth, and Demonstration Plan https://www.power.gov/eere/fuelcells/downloads/fuel-cell-technologies-office-multi-year-research-development-and-22 (US DOE, 2017).
Zhao, Z. et al. Pt-based nanocrystal for electrocatalytic oxygen discount. Adv. Mater. 31, 1808115 (2019).
Kleen, G. & Padgett, E. Sturdiness-Adjusted Gasoline Cell System Value (US DOE, 2021).
Baker, D. R., Caulk, D. A., Neyerlin, Okay. C. & Murphy, M. W. Measurement of oxygen transport resistance in PEM gasoline cells by limiting present strategies. J. Electrochem. Soc. 156, B991–B1003 (2009).
Garsany, Y., Atkinson, R. W., Gould, B. D. & Swider-Lyons, Okay. E. Excessive energy, low-Pt membrane electrode assemblies for proton alternate membrane gasoline cells. J. Energy Sources 408, 38–45 (2018).
Papageorgopoulos, D. Gasoline Cell R&D Overview (US DOE, 2019).
Kongkanand, A. Extremely Accessible Catalysts for Sturdy Excessive Energy Efficiency (US DOE, 2020).
Stariha, S. et al. Current advances in catalyst accelerated stress checks for polymer electrolyte membrane gasoline cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165, F492–F501 (2018).
Zhao, Z. et al. Tailoring a three-phase microenvironment for high-performance oxygen discount response in proton alternate membrane gasoline cells. Matter 3, 1774–1790 (2020).
Huang, P. Y. et al. Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts. Nature 469, 389–392 (2011).
Stariha, S. et al. Current advances in catalyst accelerated stress checks for polymer electrolyte membrane gasoline cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165, F492–F501 (2018).
Garrick, T. R., Moylan, T. E., Carpenter, M. Okay. & Kongkanand, A. Electrochemically lively floor space measurement of aged Pt alloy catalysts in PEM gasoline cells by CO stripping. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164, F55–F59 (2016).
Yarlagadda, V. et al. Boosting gasoline cell efficiency with accessible carbon mesopores. ACS Power Lett. 3, 618–621 (2018).
Garsany, Y., Atkinson, R. W., Gould, B. D. & Swider-Lyons, Okay. E. Excessive energy, low-Pt membrane electrode assemblies for proton alternate membrane gasoline cells. J. Energy Sources 408, 38–45 (2018).
Baker, D. R., Caulk, D. A., Neyerlin, Okay. C. & Murphy, M. W. Measurement of oxygen transport resistance in PEM gasoline cells by limiting present strategies. J. Electrochem. Soc. 156, B991–B1003 (2009).